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13.8 The normal activity of living carbon-containing matter is found to be about 15 decays per minute for every gram of carbon. This activity arises from the small proportion of radioactive 146C present with the stable carbon isotope 126C. When the organism is dead, its interaction with the atmosphere (which maintains the above equilibrium activity) ceases and its activity begins to drop. From the known half-life (5730 years) of 146C, and the measured activity, the age of the specimen can be approximately estimated. This is the principle of 146C dating used in archaeology. Suppose a specimen from Mohenjodaro gives an activity of 9 decays per minute per gram of carbon. Estimate the approximate age of the Indus-Valley civilisation.

Hint: Activity at any time t is given by, RR0=eλt.
Step 1: Find the intial and final activities of the specimen.
Decay rate of living carbon-containing matter,
R = 15 decay/min
Let N be the number of radioactive atoms present in a normal carbon-containing matter.
Half-life of C146, T1/2= 5730 yeats
The decay rate of the specimen obtained from the Mohenjo-Daro site:
R' = 9 decays/min
Step 2: Find the age of the specimen.
Let N' be the number of radioactive atoms present in the specimen during the Mohenjo-Daro period.
Therefore, we can relate the decay constant, λ and time, t as:
NNo=RRo=eλt
e-λt=915=35
-λt=loge35=-0.5108

But λ=0.693T1/2=0.6935730
t=0.51080.6935730=4223.5 years
Hence, the approximate age of the Indus-Valley civilization is 4223.5 years.