4.39 Define hydrogen bond. Is it weaker or stronger than the van der Waals forces?
A hydrogen bond is defined as an attractive force acting between the hydrogen attached to an electronegative atom of one molecule and an electronegative atom of a different molecule (may be of the same kind). Due to a difference between electronegativities, the bond pair between hydrogen and the electronegative atom gets drifted far away from the hydrogen atom. As a result, a hydrogen atom becomes electropositive with respect to the other atom and acquires a positive charge.
The magnitude of H-bonding is maximum in the solid state and minimum in the gaseous state. There are two types of H-bonds: (i) Intermolecular H-bond e.g., HF, HO etc. (ii) Intramolecular H-bond e.g., o-nitrophenol
Hydrogen bonds are stronger than Van der Walls forces since hydrogen bonds are regarded as an extreme form of dipole-dipole interaction.
