Ncert Exercises & Solutions

1. Discuss the concept of hybridisation. What are its different types in a carbon atom?

2. What is the type of hybridisation of carbon atoms marked with star?

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

(v)

(a) Hybridisation It can be defined as the process of intermixing of the orbitals of slightly different energy or of same energy to produce entirely new orbitals of equivalent energy, identical shapes and symmetrically disposed in plane. New orbitals formed are called hybrid orbitals.

Only the orbitals of an isolated single atom can undergo hybridisation. The hybrid orbitals generated are equal in number to that of the pure atomic orbitals which mix up.

Hybrid orbitals do not make

π

, pi-bonds. If there are

π

-bonds, equal number of atomic orbitals must be left unhybridised for

π

-bonding.

Like atomic orbitals, hybrid orbitals cannot have more than two electrons of opposite spins.

Types of hybridisation in carbon atoms

(i) Diagonal or sp-hybridisation All compounds of carbon containing

C \equiv C

triple bond like ethyne (C₂H₂).

(ii) Trigonal or sp²-hybridisation All compounds of carbon containing

C = C

(double bond) like ethene (C₂H₄).

(iii) Tetrahedral or sp³-hybridisation All compounds of carbon containing

C - C

single bonds only like ethane (C₂H₆).

(b)

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

(v)

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