(i) pK_b of aniline is more than that of methylamine:

Aniline undergoes resonance and as a result, the electrons on the N-atom are delocalized over the benzene ring. Therefore, the electrons on the N-atom are less available to donate. The resonance structure is as follows:

On the other hand, in case of methylamine (due to the +I effect of methyl group), the electron density on the N-atom is increased. As a result, aniline is less basic than methylamine. Thus, pK_b of aniline is more than that of methylamine.

(ii) Ethylamine is soluble in water whereas aniline is not:

Ethylamine when added to water forms intermolecular H−bonds with water. Hence, it is soluble in water.

But aniline does not undergo H−bonding with water to a very large extent due to the presence of a large hydrophobic −C₆H₅ group. Hence, aniline is insoluble in water.

(iii) Methylamine in water reacts with ferric chloride to precipitate hydrated ferric oxide:

Due to the +I effect of −CH₃ group, methylamine is more basic than water. Therefore, in water, methylamine produces OH⁻ ions by accepting H⁺ ions from water. The acid-base reaction is as follows:

CH₃-NH₂ + H-OH→ CH₃NH₃⁺ + OH^-

Ferric chloride (FeCl₃) dissociates in water to form Fe³⁺ and Cl⁻ ions.

Then, OH⁻ ion reacts with Fe³⁺ ion to form a precipitate of hydrated ferric oxide. The reaction is as follows:

$2{\mathrm{Fe}}^{3+}+6{\mathrm{OH}}^{-}\to {\mathrm{Fe}}_2{\mathrm{O}}_3·3{\mathrm{H}}_2\mathrm{O}$

(iv) Although the amino group is o, p− directing in aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions, aniline on nitration gives a substantial amount of m-nitroaniline:

Nitration is carried out in an acidic medium. In an acidic medium, aniline is protonated to give anilinium ion (which is meta-directing).

For this reason, aniline on nitration gives a substantial amount of m-nitroaniline.

(v) Aniline does not undergo Friedel-Crafts reaction:

A Friedel-Crafts reaction is carried out in the presence of AlCl₃. But AlCl₃ is a lewis acid, while aniline is a strong base. Thus, aniline reacts with AlCl₃ to form a salt (as shown in the following equation).

Due to the positive charge on the N-atom, it behaves as a strong electron-withdrawing group and deactivates the benzene ring towards an electrophilic substitution reaction. Hence, aniline does not undergo the Friedel-Crafts reaction.

(vi) Diazonium salts of aromatic amines are more stable than those of aliphatic amines:

The diazonium ion undergoes resonance as shown below:

This resonance accounts for the stability of the diazonium ion. Hence, diazonium salts of aromatic amines are more stable than those of aliphatic amines.

(vii) Gabriel phthalimide synthesis is preferred for synthesizing primary amines

Gabriel phthalimide synthesis results in the formation of 1° amine only because in this reaction nucleophilic substitution reaction occurs and secondary alkyl chloride or tertiary alkyl chloride is a poor substrate for the nucleophilic substitution reaction(S_N2).