In mosses vegetative reproduction takes place by fragmentation & budding in

1. Primary protonema.

2. Secondary protonema.

3. Rhizoids.

4. Both 1 and 2.

Read the following and choose the incorrect statement

1. Majority of red algae are marine with greater concentrations found in the warmer areas.

2. Thallus of Marchantia is dorsiventral and closely appressed to the substrate.

3. In Sequoia, reduced male gametophyte is called pollen grain and its endosperm represents future sporophytes.

4. Wolfia is the smallest flowering plant.

Study the figure and find out an incorrect statement.

1. Contains laminarin or mannitol as reserve food.

2. Life-cycle is diplontic.

3. Union of gamete may take place in water or within the oogonium.

4. Gametes with two apically inserted flagella.

Pinus seed cannot germinate and establish without fungal association. This is because:

1.  its seeds contain inhibitors that prevent germination.

2.  its embryo is immature.

3.  it has obligate association with mycorrhizae.

4.  it has very hard seed coat.

From evolutionary point of view, retention of the female gametophyte with developing young embryo on the parent sporophyte for some time, is first observed in :

1. Gymnosperms

2. Liverworts

3. Mosses

4. Pteridophytes

Choose the incorrect statement:-

1.  Gametophyte of Gymnosperm are always Dioecious

2.  Sporophyte of Gymnosperm are always heterosporous.

3.  Sporophyte of pteridophytes may be monoecious or dioecious.

4.  Gametophyte of pteridophytes may be monoecious or dioecious.

Choose the incorrect match from following:-

1.  Cycas-branched stem.

2.  Salvinia-heterosporous sporophyte.

3.  Marchantia-Elaters.

4.  Chlorella-used by space travellers.

Assertion: Seeds are formed in Gymnosperms.

Reason: Female gametophyte is retained within megasporangium in Gymnosperms.

Find out the incorrect statement about the
Rhodophyceae.
1. Majority are marine with greater concentrations
found in the warmer areas.

2. They are also found at great depths of oceans
where relatively little light penetrates.

3. Usually reproduce vegetatively by fragmentation.

4. They reproduce asexually by biflagellate
zoospores.

Coralloid roots of gymnosperms are/have
(1) Irregular and possess large number of roots hairs.
(2) Symbiotic association with Rhizobium.
(3) Symbiotic association with N₂ - fixing cyanobacteria. 
(4) VAM