The most toxic nitrogenous metabolic waste product is:

1. ammonia	2. urea
3. uric acid	4. methane

Kidneys are not involved in:
1. Osmoregulation
2. Activation of Vitamin D
3. Secreting hormones
4. Glycogenesis

Malpighian body or the renal corpuscle is made up of:
1. Glomerular capillaries and PTCN
2. Bowman's capsule and renal tubules
3. Afferent and efferent arterioles
4. Glomerular capillaries and Bowman's capsule

Filtration slits in the glomerular membrane are formed by:
1. The capillary endothelial cells
2. The basement membrane
3. The podocyte cells
4. Mesangial cells

The juxtaglomerular apparatus is made up of:
1. Juxtaglomerular cells and podocytes
2. Macula densa and podocytes
3. Juxtaglomerular cells and mesangial cells
4. Juxtaglomerular cells and macula densa

The basic functions of human kidneys in the production of urine include all the following except:

The reabsorption, from the filtrate, of sodium, glucose and amino acids:
1. involves the Bowman's capsule
2. is restricted to the loop of Henle
3. occurs mainly in the proximal convoluted tubules
4. occurs mainly by osmosis

What is the mechanism of reabsorption of glucose in the proximal convoluted tubule of the nephron?

All the following are secreted by the tubules of nephrons except:

The urinary clearance of a substance is found to be less than its glomerular filtration rate. This substance most likely:
1. is filtered and is not subject to reabsorption or secretion
2. is filtered and is partially reabsorbed
3. is filtered and is partially secreted
4. is totally secreted