Secretion of ADH does not lead to:
1. increased permeability of collecting duct to water
2. reduced urine osmolarity
3. concentration of urine
4. reduced urine output

A diuretic:
1. causes water retention
2. increases urine output
3. prevents water excretion in the urine
4. reduces insensible water loss from the body

A decrease in secretion of ADH will lead to ______ volume and ______ concentration of urine.

The water produced as an end product of the oxidation of energy-containing molecules such as carbohydrates, fats and proteins is called as:
1. cutaneous water.
2. metabolic water.
3. transcellular water.
4. free water.

The main reason for the movement of fluid between plasma and tissue fluids are:
1. hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure
2. facilitated diffusion and active transport
3. primary and secondary active transport
4. transmembrane channels

Identify the correctly matched pair:
1. thirst center: hypothalamus
2. macula densa: afferent arteriole
3. rennin: JG cells
4. aldosterone: adrenal medulla

The most likely consequence of an increase in the sodium levels in extracellular fluid would be:
1. Potassium moves into the cells.
2. ${\mathrm{Na}}^{+}$ to shift out of the ICF and into the ECF.
3. water to shift out of the ICF and into the ECF.
4. the blood volume would decrease.

The principal anion in the extracellular fluid is:
1. bicarbonate.
2. chloride.
3. phosphate.
4. nitrate.

Patients with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus are most likely to develop complications like:
1. respiratory acidosis and retention of body fluid.
2. respiratory alkalosis and dehydration.
3. metabolic acidosis and dehydration.
4. metabolic alkalosis and dehydration.

The pH of blood under normal physiological conditions is:
1. 6.44 and 7.14.
2. 7.44 and 7.77.
3. 7.0 and 7.22.
4. 7.35 and 7.45.