Which of the following helps in ascent of sap?
1. Root pressure
2. Transpiration
3. Capillarity
4. All of the above

Assertion: Like animal cells, sodium ions play the primary role in basic transport processes in plant cells.
Reason: In plant cells, the membrane potential is established mainly through pumping of sodium ions by sodium-potassium pumps.

1. Both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
2. Both assertion and reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
3. Assertion is true but reason is false.
4. Both assertion and reason are false.

Assertion: The osmotic potential typically has a negligible influence on the mass movement of water in soils.
Reason: Regions of soil are usually not divided by a semipermeable membrane

1. Both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
2. Both assertion and reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
3. Assertion is true but reason is false.
4. Both assertion and reason are false.

Assertion: Water and minerals cannot cross the endodermis and enter the vascular cylinder via the apoplast.
Reason: Casparian strip is the barrier located in transverse and radial walls of each endodermal cell and is made of lignin.

1. Both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
2. Both assertion and reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
3. Assertion is true but reason is false.
4. Both assertion and reason are false.

Assertion: In most plants, root pressure is a minor mechanism driving the ascent of xylem sap.
Reason: For the most part, xylem sap is not pushed from below by root pressure but is pulled up.

1. Both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
2. Both assertion and reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
3. Assertion is true but reason is false.
4. Both assertion and reason are false.

Assertion: Adding solutes always lowers the water potential and the solute potential of a solution is always negative.
Reason: Solute potential is also called as the osmotic potential because solutes affect the direction of osmosis.

1. Both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
2. Both assertion and reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
3. Assertion is true but reason is false.
4. Both assertion and reason are false

Assertion: Water transport across biological membranes is too specific and too rapid to be explained entirely by diffusion through the lipid layer.
Reason: Water molecules are so small that they move relatively freely across the lipid bilayer, even though the middle zone is hydrophobic.

1. Both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
2. Both assertion and reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
3. Assertion is true but reason is false.
4. Both assertion and reason are false.

Assertion: Short distance lateral transport from root hair to vascular cylinder via symplast route requires repeated crossings of plasma membranes as the solutes exit one cell and enter the next.
Reason: The symplast pathway consists of cell walls and extracellular spaces.

1. Both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
2. Both assertion and reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
3. Assertion is true but reason is false.
4. Both assertion and reason are false.

Assertion: Nutrients pass easily through the sieve tube members of Phloem.
Reason: Though alive, sieve tube members lack such organelles as the nucleus, ribosomes and a distinct vacuole.

1. Both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
2. Both assertion and reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
3. Assertion is true but reason is false.
4. Both assertion and reason are false.

Assertion: The cohesive force of water in tracheids and vessels is stronger than the pull of gravity.
Reason: The tensile strength of a column of water varies inversely with the diameter of the column.

1. Both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
2. Both assertion and reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
3. Assertion is true but reason is false.
4. Both assertion and reason are false.