A column of water in the xylem even in a tall tree normally does not sink because of its weight due to:

1.	the exceptionally large diameter of vessels.
2.	bubbles too large to be transported even through the pits.
3.	the presence of strong ion concentrations near the top of the tree.
4.	the tensile strength of a column of water.

The type of phyllotaxy seen in most angiosperms is:
1. Alternate
2. Opposite
3. Whorled
4. Random

A plant treated with a fungicide may develop:
1. Loss of root hair
2. Inhibition of transport proteins in root cells
3. Deficiency of mineral
4. Formation of root knots

For most crops a leaf area index is common up to:
1. 1
2. 7
3. 10
4. 14

The apoplast pathway in plants includes all the following except:
1. the lumen of a xylem vessel
2. the lumen of a sieve tube
3. the lumen of tracheids
4. the cell wall of a root hair

The ions that plays the primary role in basic transport processes in plant cells is:
1. ${\mathrm{Na}}^{+}$
2. ${\mathrm{K}}^{+}$
3. ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$
4. ${\mathrm{Cl}}^{-}$

Osmosis in plants would not be affected by:
1. water potential gradient
2. a difference in solute concentrations
3. type of cell membrane receptor proteins
4. number of aquaporins

Active transport of substances does not involve:
1. transport of solute along the concentration gradient.
2. use of a specific membrane transport protein.
3. hydrolysis of ATP.
4. transport of solute against a concentration gradient.

The proton pump in the plasma membrane of a plant cell does not:
1. hydrolyze ATP
2. establish a proton gradient across the membrane
3. generate a membrane potential
4. equalize the charge on each side of a membrane

The direction of water movement in plants can always be predicted by measuring:
1. pressure potential
2. number of aquaporins
3. proton gradients
4. water potential (ψ)