Given below is a simplified model of phosphorus cycling in a terrestrial ecosystem with four blanks (A-D). Identify the blanks.                                                            

Options :

	A	B	C	D
1.	Rock minerals	Detritus	Litter fall	Producers
2.	Litter	Producers	Rock minerals	Detritus
3.	Detritus	Rock minerals	Producer	Litter fall
4.	Producers	Litter fall	Rock minerals	Detritus

Match the following and select the correct option :  
(a) Earthworm                       (i) Pioneer species
(b) Succession                      (ii) Detrivore
(c) Ecosystem service           (iii) Natality
(d) Population growth            (iv) Pollination

     a       b       c      d
1. (i)      (ii)    (iii)    (iv)
2. (iv)     (i)    (iii)    (ii)
3. (iii)     (ii)   (iv)    (i)
4. (ii)      (i)    (iv)    (iii)

Vertical distribution of different species occupying different levels in a biotic community is known as:                                                                                                       
1. Stratification
2. Zonation
3. Pyramid
4. Divergence

The mass of living material at a trophic level at a particular time is called:      
1. Standing state
2. Net primary productivity
3. Standing crop
4. Gross primary productivity

In an ecosystem the rate of production of organic matter during photosynthesis is termed as : 
1. Gross primary productivity
2. Secondary productivity
3. Net productivity
4. Net primary productivity

Secondary Succession takes place on/in :  
1. Degraded forest
2. Newly created pond
3. Newly cooled lava
4. Bare rock

Most animals are tree dwellers in a : 
1. thorn woodland
2. temperate deciduous forest
3. tropical rain forest
4.coniferous forest

The term ecosystem was coined by :
1. E. Warming
2. E.P.Odum
3. A.G. Tansley
4. E. Haeckel

The primary producers of the deep-sea hydrothermal vent ecosystem are
1. coral reefs
2. green algae
3. chemosynthetic bacteria
4.blue-green-algae

Which ecosystem has the maximum biomass
1. Forest ecosystem
2. Grassland ecosystem
3. Pond ecosystem
4. Lake ecosystem