When Darwin spoke of the struggle for existence, he was convinced that a potent force in organic evolution is:

1.	Intraspecific competition	2.	Interspecific competition
3.	Intraspecific mutualism	4.	Interspecific mutualism

When the feeding efficiency of one species is reduced due to the inhibitory presence of the other species, even if resources are abundant, it is called:

In Connell’s experiment:

In general, competition has the least impact on:

MacArthur showed that five closely related species of warblers living on the same tree were able to avoid competition and co-exist due to:

Which of the following is not usually an adaptation for a parasitic mode of life?

The human liver fluke depends on two intermediate hosts that are:

Flowers and their insect pollinators must undergo co-evolution because:

The pollinator of the fig plant: 

Autecology is the: