Which of the following is incorrect regarding emphysema?
1. | Alveolar walls are damaged |
2. | There is an increase in the respiratory surface |
3. | Major cause is cigarette smoking |
4. | Can be caused by deficiency of Alpha-1-antitrypsin enzyme |
The amount of carbon dioxide that can diffuse through the diffusion membrane is much higher compared to that of oxygen because:
1. | the gradient across the membrane is much higher for carbon dioxide |
2. | carbon dioxide is more toxic than oxygen |
3. | solubility of carbon dioxide is much higher than that of oxygen |
4. | carbon dioxide has more affinity for hemoglobin than that of oxygen |
What amount of carbon dioxide is delivered by every 100 ml of deoxygenated blood at the alveoli under normal physiological conditions?
1. 4 ml | 2. 5 ml |
3. 15 ml | 4. 20 ml |
The oxy-hemoglobin dissociation curve shifts to the right in all the following conditions except:
1. Presence of 2,3-DPG | 2. Increased temperature |
3. Increased pH | 4. Increased carbon dioxide |
The binding of carbon dioxide to hemoglobin:
I: is related to the partial pressure of carbon dioxide
II: is affected by the partial pressure of oxygen
1. Only I is correct
2. Only II is correct
3. Both I and II are correct
4. Both I and II are incorrect
The alveoli are lined with:
1. Simple cuboidal epithelium
2. Pseudo-stratified columnar ciliated epithelium
3. Transitional epithelium
4. Simple squamous epithelium
The volume of thoracic chamber in the antero-posterior axis can be increased by:
1. Contraction of diaphragm
2. Relaxation of diaphragm
3. Contraction of external intercostals
4. Contraction of internal intercostals
The partial pressure of oxygen in oxygenated blood is about:
1. 104 mmHg | 2. 100 mmHg |
3. 95 mmHg | 4. 40 mmHg |
Which of the following equations regarding the calculation of pulmonary capacities would be correct?
1. IC = IRV – TV | 2. EC = VC – IRV |
3. VC = ERV + IRV | 4. TLC = VC – RV |
The formation of oxy-hemoglobin at the alveoli is favored by all the following except:
1. High pO2 | 2. Low pCO2 |
3. Lower H+ ion concentration | 4. Higher temperature |