JGA is a special sensitive region formed by cellular modifications in the:
1. | DCT and the afferent arteriole at the location of their contact |
2. | DCT and the efferent arteriole at the location of their contact |
3. | PCT and the afferent arteriole at the location of their contact |
4. | PCT and the efferent arteriole at the location of their contact |
An excessive loss of body fluid can:
1. | activate osmoreceptors, stimulating hypothalamus to release ADH and thereby preventing diuresis |
2. | switch off osmoreceptors, suppressing release of ADH promoting diuresis |
3. | activate osmoreceptors, stimulating hypothalamus to release ADH and thereby promoting diuresis |
4. | switch off osmoreceptors, suppressing release of ADH preventing diuresis |
A hormone formed in the blood that causes vasoconstriction is:
1. Renin | 2. Aldosterone |
3. Angiotensin | 4. Vasopressin |
The hormone produced by the adrenal cortex, when stimulated by angiotensin II, that causes increased sodium and water reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubules, is:
1. renin | 2. aldosterone |
3. antidiuretic hormone | 4. cortisol |
Which area actually secretes renin into the blood?
1. macula densa | 2. juxtaglomerular apparatus |
3. juxtaglomerular cells | 4. cortical nephron |
Identify the incorrect statement regarding GFR:
1. The GFR averages approximately 180 L per day (about 125 ml/min).
2. The GFR increases during sympathetic stimulation due to the vasodilation of afferent arterioles.
3. A decrease in GFR results in a decrease in the total urine output.
4. Renal auto-regulation maintains the GFR at a relatively constant rate normally.