Which one of the following is one of the characteristics of a biological community?

The vertical distribution of different species occupying different levels in a biotic community is known as:

Which one of the following is not a functional unit of an ecosystem?

1. Energy flow

2. Decomposition

3. Productivity

4. Stratification

Total amount of energy trapped by green plants in food is called:
1.  Gross primary production
2.  Net primary production
3.  Standing crop
4.  Standing state

Which of the following is expected to have the highest value (gm/$m^2$ /yr) in a grassland ecosystem: 

1. Tertiary production

2. Gross production (GP)

3. Net production (NP)

4. Secondary production 

The biomass available for consumption by the herbivores and the decomposers is called:

1. net primary productivity

2. secondary productivity

3. standing crop

4. gross primary productivity

The breakdown of detritus into smaller particles by earthworm is a process called:
1. Catabolism
2. Humification
3. Fragmentation
4. Mineralisation

Productivity is the rate of production of biomass expressed in

$\left(\mathrm{i}\right) \left(\mathrm{kcal} {\mathrm{m}}^{-3}\right) {\mathrm{yr}}^{-1} \left(\mathrm{ii}\right) {\mathrm{gm}}^{-2} {\mathrm{yr}}^{-\mathrm{1 \; \; \; \; \; \; }}$
$\left(\mathrm{iii}\right) {\mathrm{g}}^{-1} {\mathrm{yr}}^{-1} \left(\mathrm{iv}\right) \left(\mathrm{kcal} {\mathrm{m}}^{-2}\right) {\mathrm{yr}}^{-1}$

1. (ii)

2. (iii)

3. (ii) and (iv)

4. (i) and (iii)