I. | Coralloid roots |
II. | Branched stems |
III. | Pinnate persistent leaves |
IV. | Male cones and megasporophylls borne on same plant |
1. | Presence of chlorophyll a and c, and fucoxanthin |
2. | Cell walls made up entirely of cellulose |
3. | Predominantly found in terrestrial habitats |
4. | Absence of flagella in all life cycle stages |
1. | Artificial systems utilize genetic similarities, whereas natural systems use morphological characteristics. |
2. | Artificial systems classify organisms based on a few characteristics, while natural systems consider a large number of characteristics. |
3. | Artificial systems classify organisms based on evolutionary relationships, while natural systems focus on ecological roles. |
4. | Artificial systems are based on observable characteristics, while natural systems are more theoretical. |
1. | Both zoospores and gametes in brown algae are motile and have equal sized flagella. |
2. | Zoospores are non-motile while gametes are motile, both lacking flagella. |
3. | Zoospores are motile with two flagella, while gametes are non-motile. |
4. | Zoospores and gametes are both motile and similar in the number of flagella. |
I: | Gametes are flagellated and similar in size in Ulothrix |
II: | Gametes are non-flagellated and similar in size in Spirogyra |
III: | Gametes are dissimilar in size in Eudorina |
Assertion (A): | Algae can reproduce by fragmentation, a type of asexual reproduction. |
Reason (R): | Fragmentation involves the body of the algae breaking into pieces, each of which can develop into a complete organism. |
1. | Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). |
2. | Both (A) and (R) are True but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). |
3. | (A) is True but (R) is False. |
4. | (A) is False but (R) is True. |
Mosses reproduce by vegetative means through:
1. | Fragmentation and budding in secondary protonema. |
2. | Only budding in secondary protonema but not by fragmentation in secondary protonema. |
3. | By adventitious root formation and budding in secondary protonema. |
4. | By fragmentation and budding in the sporophyte. |
Assertion (A): | Ferns exhibit an alternation of generations where the gametophyte is dominant. |
Reason (R): | In ferns, the gametophyte is independent and photosynthetic but smaller and less complex than the sporophyte. |
1. | Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). |
2. | Both (A) and (R) are True but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A) |
3. | (A) is True but (R) is False. |
4. | (A) is False but (R) is True. |
1. | vascular bundles are not present and hence they are limited to shady and moist habitats. |
2. | water is needed for fertilisation and seed formation does not take place. |
3. | all members are homosporous. |
4. | the male and female gametophytes do not have an independent free-living existence. |