The ATP synthase consists of two parts where:

1.	${\mathrm{F}}_0$ is a transmembrane channel and ${\mathrm{F}}_1$ protrudes out towards stroma
2.	${\mathrm{F}}_1$ is a transmembrane channel and ${\mathrm{F}}_0$ protrudes out towards stroma
3.	${\mathrm{F}}_0$ is a transmembrane channel and ${\mathrm{F}}_1$ protrudes out towards lumen of thylakoid
4.	${\mathrm{F}}_1$ is a transmembrane channel and ${\mathrm{F}}_0$ protrudes out towards lumen of thylakoid

The bundle sheath cells are characterized by:

The primary ${\mathrm{CO}}_2$ acceptor in ${\mathrm{C}}_4$ plants is:
1. RuBP in mesophyll cells
2. RuBP in bundle sheath cells
3. PEP in mesophyll cells
4. PEP in bundle sheath cells

The ${\mathrm{C}}_3$ pathway:
1. is common to all plants
2. takes place in mesophyll cells in ${\mathrm{C}}_4$ plants
3. takes place in bundle sheath cells in ${\mathrm{C}}_3$ plants
4. does not take place in CAM plants

In ${\mathrm{C}}_4$ pathway, the 4-carbon compound transported to bundle sheath cells most commonly is:

The 2-carbon compound formed in photorespiration is:

Photorespiration is a wasteful process. Why is it so?

Except for plants in shade or in dense forests, light is rarely a limiting factor in nature. This is because:

The reactions of the Calvin cycle can take place as long as which of the following products of the light dependent reactions are available?

The factors that can be limiting for the light independent reactions of photosynthesis are:
1. ${\mathrm{CO}}_2$, temperature, and light
2. ${\mathrm{CO}}_2$, light, and water
3. water, temperature, and ${\mathrm{CO}}_2$
4. oxygen, water, and temperature