The ATP synthase consists of two parts where:

1.	${\mathrm{F}}_0$ is a transmembrane channel and ${\mathrm{F}}_1$ protrudes out towards stroma
2.	${\mathrm{F}}_1$ is a transmembrane channel and ${\mathrm{F}}_0$ protrudes out towards stroma
3.	${\mathrm{F}}_0$ is a transmembrane channel and ${\mathrm{F}}_1$ protrudes out towards lumen of thylakoid
4.	${\mathrm{F}}_1$ is a transmembrane channel and ${\mathrm{F}}_0$ protrudes out towards lumen of thylakoid

The bundle sheath cells are characterized by:

The primary ${\mathrm{CO}}_2$ acceptor in ${\mathrm{C}}_4$ plants is:

The ${\mathrm{C}}_3$ pathway:

In ${\mathrm{C}}_4$ pathway, the 4-carbon compound transported to bundle sheath cells most commonly is:

The 2-carbon compound formed in photorespiration is:

Photorespiration is a wasteful process. Why is it so?

Except for plants in shade or in dense forests, light is rarely a limiting factor in nature. This is because:

The factors that can be limiting for the light independent reactions of photosynthesis are: