The ${\mathrm{C}}_3$ and ${\mathrm{C}}_4$ photosynthesis pathways are so called because the initial carbon fixation product in them are respectively:

1.	pyruvate; malate
2.	malate; pyruvate
3.	3-phosphoglycerate; oxaloacetic acid
4.	glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate; phospho-enol-pyruvate (PEP)

Light dependent reactions are so called because they require light:

Chemiosmosis in chloroplasts is possible because of:

The following diagram shows the ${\mathrm{C}}_4$ photosynthetic carbon cycle. A and B can respectively be:
   
1. Pyruvate; malate or aspartate
2. Phoshoglycerate; fumarate or aspartate
3. Phosphoenol pyruvate; malate or aspartate
4. Phosphoenol pyruvate; fumarate or aspartate

Identify the correct statement:

The primary function of the Calvin cycle is to:
1. use ATP to release carbon dioxide
2. use NADPH to release carbon dioxide
3. split water and release oxygen
4. fix inorganic carbon to simple sugars

Which of the following must occur in the biochemical pathway of Calvin cycle?
1. addition of a pair of electrons from NADPH
2. inactivation of RuBP carboxylase enzyme
3. regeneration of ATP from ADP
4. regeneration of RuBP

To establish a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane, the protons are provided by:

The process of photosynthesis has lower efficiency if photorespiration occurs because of the reduced formation of:

The products of non-cyclic photophosphorylation include: