Protonephridia are the excretory structures in all the following except:
1. Planaria | 2. Rotifers |
3. Amphioxus | 4. Prawns |
Beginning from the collecting duct, arrange the following structures in the correct sequence in which urine passes to the external environment: (A) ureter, (B) renal pelvis, (C) calyx, (D) urinary bladder, (E) urethra.
1. A, B, C, D, E | 2. C, D, A, E, B |
3. C, B, A, D, E | 4. B, D, A, C, E |
Where do you expect to find podocytes?
1. In the wall of afferent arteriole
2. In the wall of the DCT
3. In the lining of Bowman’s capsule
4. In the lining of Vasa recta
A counter current mechanism for concentration of urine exists between:
1. | Ascending limb of vasa recta and ascending limb of loop of Henle |
2. | Descending limb of vasa recta and descending limb of loop of Henle |
3. | Collecting duct and ascending limb of loop of Henle |
4. | Collecting duct and descending limb of loop of Henle |
Removal rate of carbon dioxide by lungs is approximately:
1. | 125 ml/minute | 2. | 200 ml/minute |
3. | 280 ml/minute | 4. | 325 ml/minute |
Uremia patients can have all the following except:
1. Increased blood glucose between meals
2. Anemia
3. Osteomalacia
4. An acidic blood pH
Identify the incorrect statement regarding proximal convoluted tubule:
1. | It is lined by simple cuboidal brush bordered epithelium |
2. | It reabsorbs 70-80 % of electrolytes and water and nearly all nutrients |
3. | In juxta-medullary nephrons, it extends deep into the renal medulla |
4. | It secretes hydrogen ions, ammonia and reabsorbs bicarbonate ions to maintain the ionic and pH balance of the body fluids |
Identify the incorrectly matched pair [assume normal physiological conditions]:
1. | GFR – 125 ml/min |
2. | Amount of urea produced – 25 to 30 mg/day |
3. | Average urine output – 1 to 1.5 liter/day |
4. | Average amount of blood filtered by kidney – 1100 to 1200 ml/min |
In hemodialysis, the role of artificial kidney is actually played by:
1. | Dialysate | 2. | Blood pump |
3. | Water system | 4. | Cellulose membrane |
The increasing gradient of osmolarity in medullary interstitium, during concentration of urine, is mainly caused by reabsortion of:
1. | NaCl from ascending limb of loop of Henle and of urea by collecting duct |
2. | NaCl from descending limb of loop of Henle and of urea by collecting duct |
3. | NaCl from ascending limb of loop of Henle and of urea by PCT |
4. | NaCl from descending limb of loop of Henle and of urea by PCT |