A counter current mechanism for concentration of urine exists between:
1. | Ascending limb of vasa recta and ascending limb of loop of Henle |
2. | Descending limb of vasa recta and descending limb of loop of Henle |
3. | Collecting duct and ascending limb of loop of Henle |
4. | Collecting duct and descending limb of loop of Henle |
Removal rate of carbon dioxide by lungs is approximately:
1. | 125 ml/minute | 2. | 200 ml/minute |
3. | 280 ml/minute | 4. | 325 ml/minute |
Uremia patients can have all the following except:
1. Increased blood glucose between meals
2. Anemia
3. Osteomalacia
4. An acidic blood pH
Identify the incorrect statement regarding proximal convoluted tubule:
1. | It is lined by simple cuboidal brush bordered epithelium |
2. | It reabsorbs 70-80 % of electrolytes and water and nearly all nutrients |
3. | In juxta-medullary nephrons, it extends deep into the renal medulla |
4. | It secretes hydrogen ions, ammonia and reabsorbs bicarbonate ions to maintain the ionic and pH balance of the body fluids |
Identify the incorrectly matched pair [assume normal physiological conditions]:
1. | GFR – 125 ml/min |
2. | Amount of urea produced – 25 to 30 mg/day |
3. | Average urine output – 1 to 1.5 liter/day |
4. | Average amount of blood filtered by kidney – 1100 to 1200 ml/min |
In hemodialysis, the role of artificial kidney is actually played by:
1. | Dialysate | 2. | Blood pump |
3. | Water system | 4. | Cellulose membrane |
The increasing gradient of osmolarity in medullary interstitium, during concentration of urine, is mainly caused by reabsortion of:
1. | NaCl from ascending limb of loop of Henle and of urea by collecting duct |
2. | NaCl from descending limb of loop of Henle and of urea by collecting duct |
3. | NaCl from ascending limb of loop of Henle and of urea by PCT |
4. | NaCl from descending limb of loop of Henle and of urea by PCT |
Most renal calculi are:
1. | oxalates | 2. | citrates |
3. | urates | 4. | carbonates |
An excessive loss of body fluid can:
1. | activate osmoreceptors, stimulating hypothalamus to release ADH and thereby preventing diuresis |
2. | switch off osmoreceptors, suppressing release of ADH promoting diuresis |
3. | activate osmoreceptors, stimulating hypothalamus to release ADH and thereby promoting diuresis |
4. | switch off osmoreceptors, suppressing release of ADH preventing diuresis |
Urine in ureter is drained directly from:
1. | Collecting duct | 2. | Papilla |
3. | Renal pelvis | 4. | Major calyces |