1. | Sodium | 2. | Urea |
3. | Proteins | 4. | Glucose |
I: | is the volume of plasma that is filtered by the glomeruli per unit of time. |
II: | is estimated to be about 125 ml/day. |
I: | have a long loop of Henle which penetrates deeply into the renal medulla |
II: | have their loop of Henle surrounded by the vasa recta |
III: | comprise only about 15% of the nephrons in the human kidney |
I: | There are nearly one million nephrons in each kidney. |
II: | The Malpighian corpuscle, PCT and DCT of the nephron are located in the renal medulla. |
I: | Descending limb is impermeable to water. |
II: | Ascending limb is impermeable to electrolytes. |
Assertion(A): | Urea can be used to maintain osmolarity of body fluids. |
Reason(R): | Urea is more toxic and energetically less expensive than ammonia. |
1. | Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). |
2. | Both (A) and (R) are True but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). |
3. | (A) is True but (R) is False. |
4. | (A) is False and (R) is True. |
Assertion(A): | In hemodialysis, heparin is added to the blood taken out of the body for purification. |
Reason(R): | Heparin is an anti-coagulant. |
1. | Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). |
2. | Both (A) and (R) are True but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). |
3. | (A) is True but (R) is False. |
4. | (A) is False and (R) is True. |
I: | Protonephridia are primarily concerned with ionic and fluid volume regulation, i.e., osmoregulation. |
II: | Nephridia are the tubular excretory structures of earthworms and other annelids. |
III: | Malpighian tubules are the excretory structures of most of the insects including cockroaches. |
IV: | Antennal glands or green glands perform the excretory function in crustaceans like prawns. |