The three steps of decomposition occur:
1. sequentially, with catabolism being the last step.
2. sequentially, with leaching being the last step.
3. simultaneously.
4. sequentially, but not in a particular order.

Decomposition of detritus is rapid when:
1. It is rich in lignin and chitin
2. Ambient temperature is low
3. Environment favours anaerobiosis
4. It predominantly contains nitrogen and sugars

What percentage of photosynthetic active radiation is captured by plants?

Primary carnivores are, most aptly, characterized as:

In a terrestrial ecosystem, a much larger fraction of energy flows through the:

In an aquatic food chain, zooplankton occupy which trophic level?

Each trophic level has a certain mass of living material at a particular time, best called as:

Approximately, what percent of energy is transferred to each trophic level from the lower trophic level in an ecosystem?

The entire sequence of communities that successively change in a given area are called:
1. Taxa
2. Seres
3. Pioneers
4. Climax

In which of the following instances would an ecological succession regarded as secondary?
1. Newly cooled lava
2. Bare rock
3. Newly created pond
4. Abandoned farmland