During the process of ecological succession, the changes that take place in communities are :
1. Orderly and sequential
2. Random
3. Very quick
4. Not influenced by the physical environment

Climax community is in a state of :
1. Non-equilibrium
2. Equilibrium
3. Disorder
4. Constant change

The entire sequence of communities that successively change in a given area are called:
1. Taxa
2. Seres
3. Pioneers
4. Climax

In which of the following instances would an ecological succession regarded as secondary?
1. Newly cooled lava
2. Bare rock
3. Newly created pond
4. Abandoned farmland

Primary succession takes a very long time when compared to secondary succession, primarily, because:
1. immigration of pioneer species takes time
2. soil formation is a very slow process
3. there is a low availability of ecological niches
4. environmental conditions are highly variable

Ecological succession leads to mesic conditions in: 

1. Both I and II
2. Only I
3. Only II
4. Neither I nor II

In primary ecological succession in water, the pioneers are:
1. Mosses
2. Lichens
3. Phytoplankton
4. Free floating hydrophytes

The correct sequence of seral stages in primary hydrarch succession [pioneer to climax] would be: