Which of the following is not important for maintaining the increasing osmolarity in the medullary interstitium?

1. The proximity between Henle's loop and vasa recta

2. Counter current flow in two limbs of tubule

3. The differential permeability of different segments of nephron

4. Counter current flow in two limbs of Vasa recta

Which of the following is the correct way of writing the unit of osmolarity?

1. Mosmo/L

2. mOsmol/L

3. MOsmo/L

4. mOSMol/L

The gradient is mainly caused by

1. NaCl

2. Urea

3. Both A and B

4. Ammonia

The NaCl which is transported by the ascending limb of Henle's loop which is exchanged with the…….

1. Ascending limb of vasa recta

2. Descending limb of vasa recta

3. Ascending limb of LOH

4. Descending limb of LOH

NaCl is returned to the interstitium by

1. Ascending portion of LOH

2. Ascending portion of vasa recta

3. Descending portion of LOH

4. Descending portion of vasa recta

Urea will enter the

1. Thin segment of AL of LOH

2. Thick segment of AL of LOH

3. Descending Limb of LOH

4. All of these

How many times can human urine be concentrated in counter current mechanism?

1. Four times

2. Five times

3. Three times

4. Two times

Counter current mechanism helps in maintenance of

1. Concentration gradient in the medullary interstitium.

2. Concentration gradient in the cortical interstitium

3. Concentration gradient in the lumen of collecting duct

4. Concentration gradient in the lumen of DCT

Kidneys is efficiently monitored and regulated by hormonal feedback mechanisms which does not involve
A. Hypothalamus
B. JGA
C. Heart
D. Liver

Osmoreceptors in the body are not activated by