No predator can become proficient at acquiring prey because:

1.	Predators are not as intelligent as prey.
2.	Predators are too large to be fast enough.
3.	Prey populations evolve more rapidly than predator populations.
4.	Prey populations evolve anti-predatory traits.

Which of the following organisms will be the first to colonize a bare rock?

1. Annual plants

2. Lichens

3. Perennail plants

4. Herbs and shrubs

Most food chains are composed of 

1. 1 or 2 species

2. 3 or 4 species

3. 9 or 10 species

4. More than 16 species

The phosphorus cycle is unusual in that it is entirely:

1. Within aquatic ecosystems

2. Within terrestrial ecosystems

3. Sedimentary

4. Gaseous

During ecological succession

(1) the gradual and predictable change in species composition occurs in a given area

(2) the establishment of a new biotic community is very fast in its primary phase

(3) the numbers and types of animals remain constant

(4) the changes lead to a community that is in near equilibrium with the environment and is called pioneer community

Which ecosystem has the maximum biomass?

(1) Forest ecosystem 

(2) Grassland ecosystem 

(3) Pond ecosystem 

(4) Lake ecosystem 

Th primary producers of the deep-sea hydrothermal vent ecosystem are

(1) green algae

(2) chemosynthetic bacteria

(3) blue-green algae

(4) coral reefs

Which one of the following is a characteristic feature of cropland ecosystem?

(1) Least genetic diversity

(2) The absence of weeds

(3) Ecological succession

(4) The absence of soil organisms

Which of the following would appear as the pioneer organisms on bare rocks?
(1) Liverworts

(2) Mosses

(3) Green algae

(4) Lichens

The term ecosystem was coined by

(1) AG Tansley                 

(2) E Haeckel

(3) E Warming                 

(4) EP Odum