1. | Primary producer | 2. | Herbivore |
3. | Carnivore | 4. | Apex predator |
I. | Carbon cycle | Atmosphere only contains 10 % of total global carbon. |
II. | Phosphorus cycle | Respiratory release of phosphorus into atmosphere is absent. |
III. | Nitrogen cycle | Only prokaryotes are capable of carrying out biological nitrogen fixation. |
1. | About 2 to 10 % of incident solar radiation is PAR |
2. | An ecosystem is exempt from the Second Law of Thermodynamics |
3. | The amount of energy increases at successive trophic levels |
4. | The number of trophic levels in a grazing food chain is limited |
1. | 25 % of the annual net primary productivity of the whole biosphere |
2. | 33 % of the annual net primary productivity of the whole biosphere |
3. | 66 % of the annual net primary productivity of the whole biosphere |
4. | 70 % of the annual net primary productivity of the whole biosphere |
1. | A considerable amount of phosphorus enters the biosphere through the primary producers. |
2. | Fossil fuels represent the major reservoir of phosphorus. |
3. | Phosphorus cycling occurs through the atmosphere, ocean, and through living and dead organisms. |
4. | There is no respiratory release of phosphorus into the atmosphere. |
1. | begins with primary producers like grass |
2. | is the major conduit for energy flow in an aquatic ecosystem |
3. | is not made up of any decomposers |
4. | may be connected with the grazing food chain at some levels |