During ecological succession

(1) the gradual and predictable change in species composition occurs in a given area

(2) the establishment of a new biotic community is very fast in its primary phase

(3) the numbers and types of animals remain constant

(4) the changes lead to a community that is in near equilibrium with the environment and is called pioneer community

Which one of the following is a characteristic feature of cropland ecosystem?

(1) Least genetic diversity

(2) The absence of weeds

(3) Ecological succession

(4) The absence of soil organisms

Which of the following would appear as the pioneer organisms on bare rocks?
(1) Liverworts

(2) Mosses

(3) Green algae

(4) Lichens

The term ecosystem was coined by

(1) AG Tansley                 

(2) E Haeckel

(3) E Warming                 

(4) EP Odum

In which of the following both pairs have the correct combination?

Vertical distribution of different species occupying different levels in a biotic community is

known as 

1. divergence

2. stratification

3. zonation

4. pyramid

Secondary succession takes place on/in

(1) bara rock

(2) degraded forest

(3) newly created pond

(4) newly cooled lava

The mass of living material at a tropic level at a particular time is called

1. Gross primary productivity

2. Standing state

3. Net primary productivity

4. standing crop

Match the following and select the correct option.

     Column I                      Column II

A.  Earthworm                 1. Pioneer species

B. Succession                  2. Detritivore

C. Ecosystem service       3. Natality

D. Population growth        4. Pollination

      A          B         C         D

(1) 1           2         3         4

(2) 4           1         3         2

(3) 3           2         4         1

(4) 2           1         4         3 

Given below is a simplified model of phosphorus cycling in a terrestrial ecosystem with

four blanks (A-D). Identify the blanks.