I: | P is an incomplete cartilaginous ring seen only in trachea and principal bronchus. |
II: | Q is the point where the trachea divides into a right and left primary bronchus and corresponds to the level of 5th thoracic vertebra. |
III: | R shows the double-layered pleura where the outer pleural membrane is in close contact with the thoracic lining. |
IV: | S is pleural cavity with minimal amount of pleural fluid which reduces friction on the lung surface. |
The figure shows the events happening during the inhalation and exhalation phases of pulmonary ventilation. Read the two given statements carefully.
I: | A shows the inhalation phase brought about by the contraction of diaphragm that increases the volume of thorax in antero-posterior axis and by the contraction of external intercostal muscle that increases the volume of thorax in dorso-ventral axis. |
II: | B shows the exhalation phase brought about by the relaxation of diaphragm that decreases the volume of thorax in antero-posterior axis and by the contraction of internal intercostal muscle that decreases the volume of thorax in dorso-ventral axis. |
1. Only I is correct
2. Only II is correct
3. Both I and II are correct
4. Both I and II are incorrect
Tidal Volume | 400 ml |
Expiratory reserve volume | 1000 ml |
Inspiratory reserve volume | 2500 ml |
Residual volume | 1000 ml |
Statement I: | The partial pressure of oxygen is equal in alveoli and oxygenated blood. |
Statement II: | The partial pressure of carbon dioxide is equal in alveoli and deoxygenated blood. |
Assertion (A): | O2 gets bound to haemoglobin in the lung surface and gets dissociated at the tissues. |
Reason (R): | In the alveoli, there is high pO2, low pCO2, lesser H+ concentration and lower temperature whereas in the tissues, low pO2, high pCO2, high H+ concentration and higher temperature exist. |
1. | Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) correctly explains (A) |
2. | Both (A) and (R) are True but (R) does not correctly explain (A) |
3. | (A) is True but (R) is False |
4. | (A) is False but (R) is True |
1. | 95 | 2. | 75 |
3. | 27 | 4. | 15 |
a. | pCO2 is high and pO2 is low |
b. | dissociation of CO2 from carbamino-haemoglobin takes place |
c. | pCO2 is low and pO2 is high |
d. | more binding of carbon dioxide to haemoglobin occurs |