Vertical distribution of different species occupying different levels in a biotic community is

known as 

1. divergence

2. stratification

3. zonation

4. pyramid

Secondary succession takes place on/in

(1) bara rock

(2) degraded forest

(3) newly created pond

(4) newly cooled lava

The mass of living material at a tropic level at a particular time is called

1. Gross primary productivity

2. Standing state

3. Net primary productivity

4. standing crop

Match the following and select the correct option.

     Column I                      Column II

A.  Earthworm                 1. Pioneer species

B. Succession                  2. Detritivore

C. Ecosystem service       3. Natality

D. Population growth        4. Pollination

      A          B         C         D

(1) 1           2         3         4

(2) 4           1         3         2

(3) 3           2         4         1

(4) 2           1         4         3 

Secondary productivity is rate of formation of new organic matter by

1. producer

2. parasite

3. consumer

4. decomposer

Which one of the following processes during decomposition is correctly described?

1.  Fragmentation-Carried out by organisms such as earthworms

2.  Humification-Leads to the accumulation of a dark-coloured substance humus, which

undergoes microbial action at a very fast rate

3.  Catabolism-Last  step in the decomposition under fully anaerobic condition

4.  Leaching-Water soluble inorganic nutrients rise to the top layers of soil.

Which one of the following is not a gaseous biogeochemical cycle in ecosystem?

1. Oxygen cycle

2. Phosphorus cycle

3. Nitrogen cycle

4. Carbon cycle

Identify the possible link A in the following food chain

Green plant -> Insect -> Frog -> A -> Eagle

1. rabbit                         

2. wolf

3. cobra                         

4. parrot

Given below is an imaginary pyramid of numbers. What could be one of the possibilities

about certain organisms at some of the different levels?

1. Level PC is insects and level SC is small insectivorous birds.

2. Level PP is phytoplanktons in sea and whale on top level TC

3. level one PP is pipal trees and the level SC is sheep

4. Level PC is rats and level SC is cats 

Which one of the following is not a functional unit of an ecosystem?

1. Energy flow                 

2. Decomposition

3. Productivity                 

4. Stratification