Consider the two statements:
Assertion (A):
An excess of aldosterone can cause a decrease in potassium ion concentration in body fluids.
Reason (R):
Aldosterone acts mainly at the renal tubules and stimulates the reabsorption of Na+ and water.
1.
Both (A) and (R) are True but (R) does not correctly explain (A).
2.
(A) is True but (R) is False.
3.
Both (A) and (R) are False.
4.
Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) correctly explains (A).
On an average, roughly what percent of cardiac output is filtered by the kidneys per minute?
| 1. | 5 | 2. | 10 |
| 3. | 20 | 4. | 50 |
1. 2 times concentrated
2. 4 times concentrated
3. 8 times concentrated
4. 10 times concentrated
Consider the two statements:
| Statement I: | Both ADH and aldosterone attempt to decrease urine output. |
| Statement II: | A person with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus will have a higher than normal solute concentration in the urine. |
| 1. | Statement I is correct; Statement II is incorrect |
| 2. | Statement I is correct; Statement II is correct |
| 3. | Statement II is incorrect; Statement I is correct |
| 4. | Statement I is incorrect; Statement II is incorrect |
1. Descending limb of loop of Henle
2. Ascending limb of loop of Henle
3. PCT
4. DCT
1. water, nitrogenous wastes, nutrients, and salts
2. blood cells, platelets and proteins
3. albumin, fats and other proteins
4. mainly blood cells
Consider the given two statements:
Assertion: An excessive loss of fluid from the body stimulates the hypothalamus to release antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or vasopressin from the neurohypophysis.
Reason: An excessive loss of fluid from the body activates the osmoreceptors located in the hypothalamus.
1. Assertion is true but Reason is false
2. Both Assertion and Reason are true and the Reason correctly explains the Assertion
3. Both Assertion and Reason are true but the Reason does not correctly explain the Assertion
4. Assertion is false but Reason is true
Statement I: NaCl is transported by the ascending limb of Henle’s loop which is exchanged with the descending limb of vasa recta and is returned to the interstitium by the ascending portion of vasa recta.
Statement II: Small amounts of urea enter the thin segment of the ascending limb of Henle’s loop which is transported back to the interstitium by the collecting tubule.
1. Statement I is correct; Statement II is incorrect
2. Statement I is incorrect; Statement II is incorrect
3. Statement I is correct; Statement II is correct
4. Statement I is incorrect; Statement II is correct
Consider the given two statements:
Statement I: The filtrate gets diluted as it moves down the descending limb of loop of Henle as this part of nephron is impermeable to water but allows transport of electrolytes actively or passively.
Statement II: The filtrate gets concentrated as it moves up the ascending limb of loop of Henle as this part of nephron is permeable to water but almost impermeable to electrolytes.
1. Statement I is correct; Statement II is incorrect
2. Statement I is incorrect; Statement II is incorrect
3. Statement I is correct; Statement II is correct
4. Statement I is incorrect; Statement II is correct
Consider the given two statements:
| Assertion(A): | Some amount of urea may be retained in the kidney matrix to maintain a desired osmolarity. |
| Reason(R): | Urea is less toxic but energetically more expensive to produce than ammonia. |
| 1. | (A) is true but (R) is False |
| 2. | Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) correctly explains the (A) |
| 3. | Both (A) and (R) are True but (R) does not correctly explain the (A) |
| 4. | (A) is False but (R) is True |
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