Which of the following causes the second heart sound [dub]?
1. opening of the AV valves at the start of diastole
2. closing of the AV valves at the start of systole
3. opening of the semilunar valves at the start of systole
4. closing of the semilunar valves at the start of diastole

The sinoatrial node is the normal pacemaker of the human heart because it:

What is the ejection fraction that is achieved by the left ventricle in a healthy heart?
1. 10(--)15%
2. 25(--)33%
3. 60(--)70%
4. 98(--)100%

Veins are said to have a higher ____ than arteries because they expand more easily and a higher ___________ because they contain more blood.
1. compliance; capacitance
2. elasticity; compliance
3. elasticity; capacitance
4. None of the above

How can adrenaline have different effects on blood vessels - vasodilation in skeletal muscle but vasoconstriction in the skin?
1. sympathetic fibers secrete epinephrine in the muscle and acetylcholine in the skin
2. bradykinin stimulates constriction of arterioles in the dermis
3. the muscles have cholinergic sympathetic fibers and the skin has adrenergic fibers
4. the muscle arterioles and the skin arterioles have different types of receptors for adrenaline

In most normal people [not trained athletes] the increase in cardiac output is due mainly to:
1. increase in stroke volume
2. decrease in ejection fraction
3. decrease in end-diastolic volume
4. increase in heart rate

Severe dyspnea due to pulmonary edema will be caused most likely by:
1. cardiogenic shock
2. anaphylactic shock
3. right-sided congestive heart failure
4. left-sided congestive heart failure

The average life span of human red blood cells is:

Erythropoiesis is primarily stimulated by:
1. kidney
2. liver
3. bone marrow
4. spleen

In the early fetal life the main site for red blood cell formation is:
1. bone marrow
2. kidney
3. liver
4. spleen