Urea in humans is synthesized in:

1. Kidneys	2. Renal vein
3. Liver	4. Urinary bladder

The region of human kidney where you expect to find maximum osmolarity is:
1. at the top of the renal cortex
2. at the bottom of the renal cortex
3. at the top of the renal medulla
4. at the bottom of the renal medulla

Sodium is the principal cation in blood. If the blood concentration of sodium ions gets below normal:
1. blood volume increases and blood pressure decreases
2. water drains from the collecting duct
3. blood volume and blood pressure decrease
4. ADH secretion increases

RAAS is opposed by:

Mammals are:
1. osmoconformers.
2. hypotonic to their environment.
3. hypertonic to their environment.
4. osmoregulators.

The most toxic nitrogenous metabolic waste product is:

Kidneys are not involved in:
1. Osmoregulation
2. Activation of Vitamin D
3. Secreting hormones
4. Glycogenesis

Malpighian body or the renal corpuscle is made up of:
1. Glomerular capillaries and PTCN
2. Bowman's capsule and renal tubules
3. Afferent and efferent arterioles
4. Glomerular capillaries and Bowman's capsule

Filtration slits in the glomerular membrane are formed by:
1. The capillary endothelial cells
2. The basement membrane
3. The podocyte cells
4. Mesangial cells

The juxtaglomerular apparatus is made up of:
1. Juxtaglomerular cells and podocytes
2. Macula densa and podocytes
3. Juxtaglomerular cells and mesangial cells
4. Juxtaglomerular cells and macula densa