The water produced as an end product of the oxidation of energy-containing molecules such as carbohydrates, fats and proteins is called as:
1. cutaneous water.
2. metabolic water.
3. transcellular water.
4. free water.

The main reason for the movement of fluid between plasma and tissue fluids are:
1. hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure
2. facilitated diffusion and active transport
3. primary and secondary active transport
4. transmembrane channels

Identify the correctly matched pair:
1. thirst center: hypothalamus
2. macula densa: afferent arteriole
3. rennin: JG cells
4. aldosterone: adrenal medulla

The most likely consequence of an increase in the sodium levels in extracellular fluid would be:
1. Potassium moves into the cells.
2. ${\mathrm{Na}}^{+}$ to shift out of the ICF and into the ECF.
3. water to shift out of the ICF and into the ECF.
4. the blood volume would decrease.

The principal anion in the extracellular fluid is:
1. bicarbonate.
2. chloride.
3. phosphate.
4. nitrate.

Patients with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus are most likely to develop complications like:
1. respiratory acidosis and retention of body fluid.
2. respiratory alkalosis and dehydration.
3. metabolic acidosis and dehydration.
4. metabolic alkalosis and dehydration.

The pH of blood under normal physiological conditions is:
1. 6.44 and 7.14.
2. 7.44 and 7.77.
3. 7.0 and 7.22.
4. 7.35 and 7.45.

What would be the logical consequence of an increased hydrogen ion concentration of the ECF?
1. An increase in ECF pH.
2. A slower respiratory rate.
3. An increase in urinary pH.
4. An increase in hydrogen ion secretion by kidney.

Recessed central fissure on the medial surface of the kidney where its vessels, nerves and ureter pass is called as:

The perinephric fat:
1. is the storage energy for renal functions.
2. is the renal capsule.
3. cushions the kidney from mechanical shock.
4. is present only under pathological conditions.