The principal anion in the extracellular fluid is:
1. bicarbonate.
2. chloride.
3. phosphate.
4. nitrate.

Patients with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus are most likely to develop complications like:
1. respiratory acidosis and retention of body fluid.
2. respiratory alkalosis and dehydration.
3. metabolic acidosis and dehydration.
4. metabolic alkalosis and dehydration.

The pH of blood under normal physiological conditions is:
1. 6.44 and 7.14.
2. 7.44 and 7.77.
3. 7.0 and 7.22.
4. 7.35 and 7.45.

What would be the logical consequence of an increased hydrogen ion concentration of the ECF?
1. An increase in ECF pH.
2. A slower respiratory rate.
3. An increase in urinary pH.
4. An increase in hydrogen ion secretion by kidney.

Recessed central fissure on the medial surface of the kidney where its vessels, nerves and ureter pass is called as:

The perinephric fat:
1. is the storage energy for renal functions.
2. is the renal capsule.
3. cushions the kidney from mechanical shock.
4. is present only under pathological conditions.

Glomerular capillaries are drained by:

The part of the human urinary system that does not have smooth muscles would be:
1. kidney
2. urinary bladder
3. ureters
4. urethra

The human kidneys are retroperitoneal and are near the dorsal wall of the:
1. pelvic cavity
2. abdominal cavity
3. peritoneum
4. thoracic

Ureters: