What is incorrect regarding apoplast transport in plants?
1. The apoplast is formed by the continuum of cell walls of adjacent cells as well as the extracellular spaces.
2. Transport velocity is lower in the apoplast than in the symplast.
3. Apoplast transport also accounts for a higher proportion of water transport in plant tissues than does symplastic transport.
4. The apoplastic pathway is also involved in passive exclusion.

Root pressure is caused by:
1. active distribution of mineral nutrient ions into the root xylem.
2. passive distribution of mineral nutrient ions into the root xylem.
3. a lower water potential in soil than the root cells.
4. transpirational pull.

Arrange the following events in the correct chronological order during opening of the stomata:
I. An uptake of potassium ions occurs into the guard cells.
II. A proton pump drives protons (H⁺) from the guard cells.
III. Diffusion of water occurs into the guard cell through osmosis.
IV. The two guard cells lengthen by bowing apart from one another.
V. Negative ions flux into the guard cells to balance the influx of potassium.
1. I, III, II, IV, V
2. I, II, V, III, IV
3. II, I, V, III, IV
4. II, V, I, III, IV

When the roots begin to sense a water shortage in the soil, abscisic acid (ABA) is released. The increase of which of the following ions in the cytosol of the guard cells is responsible for ultimately bringing about a closure of stomata?
1. Calcium
2. Magnesium
3. Potassium
4. Hydrogen

Various factors affect stomatal movement. Which of the following is not a correct relation between the factor and stomatal movement?

Mass flow of liquid water from roots to the leaves is primarily driven by:
1. Root pressure
2. Capillary action
3. Water potential differences
4. Active transport

If a plant is incapable of bringing in enough water to remain in equilibrium with transpiration, it can result in:
1. Cavitation
2. Crenation
3. Immediate death of root
4. Opening of stomata

Phenylmercury acetate, aspirin and ABA in plant physiology act as:
1. Plant growth activators
2. Paracrine signals
3. Cofactors for metabolism
4. Anti transpirants

Identify the incorrect statement regarding cohesion-tension theory that explains the process of water flow upwards through the xylem of the plants:

1. Transpiration in leaves creates tension (differential pressure) in the cell walls of mesophyll cells.

2. Because of this tension, water is being pulled up from the roots into the leaves.

3. The pull is helped by cohesion (the stickiness between water molecules and the hydrophilic cell walls of plants) and adhesion (the pull between individual water molecules, due to hydrogen bonds).

4. This mechanism of water flow works because of water potential (water flows from high to low potential), and the rules of simple diffusion.

Consider the following two statements:
I. The evolution of ${\mathrm{C}}_4$  photosynthesis is probably one of the strategies for maximizing the availability of ${\mathrm{CO}}_2$ while minimizing water loss.
II. Plants with ${\mathrm{C}}_4$ photosynthesis close their stomata during day and open them in night.
1. Both I and II are correct
2. I is correct and II is incorrect
3. I is incorrect and II is correct
4. Both I and II are incorrect