Plants came on land before animals. All the following were evolutionary adaptations for terrestrial life except:
1. guard cells
2. ${\mathrm{C}}_3$ photosynthesis
3. rhizoids
4. vascular bundles

Trace the correct path of water from the soil through the plant to the atmosphere:

Closure of stomata occurs as the guard cells:
1. lose water.
2. begin photosynthesis reducing internal ${\mathrm{CO}}_2$ concentration.
3. pick up chloride ions.
4. gain potassium ions.

Guttation is:
1. deposition of dew drops on the leaves in the morning.
2. shrinking of protoplast away from the cell wall.
3. evidence of root pressure.
4. cavitation in the water column.

A column of water in the xylem even in a tall tree normally does not sink because of its weight due to:

The type of phyllotaxy seen in most angiosperms is:
1. Alternate
2. Opposite
3. Whorled
4. Random

A plant treated with a fungicide may develop:
1. Loss of root hair
2. Inhibition of transport proteins in root cells
3. Deficiency of mineral
4. Formation of root knots

For most crops a leaf area index is common up to:
1. 1
2. 7
3. 10
4. 14

The apoplast pathway in plants includes all the following except:
1. the lumen of a xylem vessel
2. the lumen of a sieve tube
3. the lumen of tracheids
4. the cell wall of a root hair

The ions that plays the primary role in basic transport processes in plant cells is:
1. ${\mathrm{Na}}^{+}$
2. ${\mathrm{K}}^{+}$
3. ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$
4. ${\mathrm{Cl}}^{-}$